The ancestral homeland of the Khas-Arya ethnicity is *Khasan*, the far-western region of Nepal. Though the Khas-Arya people may have originated elsewhere, they regard Khasan as their root. Over time, as the Khas migrated eastward, they retained their identity as the Khas-Arya, becoming globally recognized under this name. Historically, diverse communities coexisted in Khasan with shared religion, harmony, and familial bonds, all identifying as *Khas*. This term transcends a single ethnicity.
Initially, the Khas language dominated daily communication. As they migrated, their language, customs, and traditions blended with those of the regions they settled in. Over time, this evolved into languages like *Gorkhali* and *Nepali*. Yet, the Khas language, rooted in Khasan, remains their core identity, symbolizing their valor and dominance.
**Masto Deity and Kul Puja**
The Masto deity and Kul Puja (ancestral worship) are also called *Devali*, *Undhauli-Ubhauli*. There are two types of Masto: *Dudhe Masto* (non-sacrificial) and others requiring animal sacrifices. Historically, goats, sheep, and buffaloes were sacrificed, but over time, buffalo sacrifices were prohibited, replaced by ducks and pigeons. Today, reforms aligned with *ahimsa* (non-violence) principles have reduced animal sacrifices, with symbolic offerings like coconuts gaining prominence.
Masto Puja holds a unique place in Khas culture, embodying collective strength (*samasti shakti*). While not tied to any specific religion, it blends Vedic and Tantric traditions. Masto is distinct to Khas culture, representing communal ancestral worship rather than individual or caste-based practices. It is linked to spiritual healers (*dhami-jhakri*, *ojha-bijuwa*, *vaidang*, *mangpa*), as all Masto deities are considered manifestations of Shiva’s attendants (*ganas*).
**Rituals of Masto Puja**
During rituals, a senior family member or someone divinely chosen (the *kuldhami*) enters a trance. Historically, the *dhami* would bite off the heads of sacrificial animals, drink their blood, and dance around the altar. Participants wear white, hold cow-tail whisks (*chamara*), bells, and flags, and dance to rhythmic music. The blood-smeared white attire and shared sacrificial meat as *prasad* symbolize unity. The Puja honors deities like the *Nau Bahini Malika* (Nine Goddess Sisters), *Bindhyabasini*, *Maharani*, and *Barha Masta* (Twelve Masto Brothers).
**Historical and Cultural Identity**
Historians identify Khas people by their worship of *kuldevatas* (clan deities), the Twelve Masto Brothers, Nine Bhawani Sisters, and deities like Varaha and Nandi. Brahmins, Chhetris, Thakuris, and others emerged from Khas culture. The 22 and 24 principalities (*baise-chaubise*) of Nepal and their priests were directly linked to the Khas. Even today, most Nepali communities trace their roots to the Khas.
**Origins of Masto Worship**
A legend explains Masto’s origin: In ancient times, elderly parents were abandoned in forests due to food scarcity. A boy named Masto, forced to leave his father in the jungle, later found him killed by a tiger. Grief-stricken, he worshipped his father’s spirit, initiating the Masto/Kul Puja tradition. This ritual, performed without idols or temples, honors ancestral spirits as protectors.
**Masto Puja Today**
Masto Puja is observed during festivals like *Baisakh Purnima*, *Mangsir Purnima*, and *Bhadra Anant Chaturdashi*. Though traditionally held triennially with clan gatherings, modern practices vary. In western Nepal (Achham, Bajura, Kalikot), Masto deities remain influential, with female *dhamis* often surpassing male counterparts in spiritual power.
**Recognition in Sikkim**
The Khas community’s bravery, unity, and cultural richness led Sikkim to recognize Nepali (Khas language) in its constitution. Since 26th February is celebrated as *Khas Diwas*, honoring their heritage, gratitude is owed to Government of Sikkim for this historic acknowledgment.
**Conclusion**
Masto Puja is not caste-specific but a unifying Khas tradition. Preserving it is vital for future generations. Let the Khas identity and unity endure eternally.
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